The Maratha Empire was a powerful Indian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire covered much of the Indian subcontinent, challenging the Mughal Empire and later the British East India Company. The empire is known for its:
UPSC Note: The Maratha Empire is particularly important for understanding 18th century Indian history, the transition from Mughal to British rule, and early resistance to colonial power.
| Year | Event | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| 1645 | Captured Torna Fort (first conquest at age 16) | Beginning of Maratha resistance |
| 1659 | Battle of Pratapgadh against Afzal Khan | Established guerrilla warfare tactics |
| 1664 | Attack on Surat | Challenged Mughal economic power |
| 1670 | Recapture of Kondana (Sinhagad) by Tanaji Malusare | Famous for "Gad aala pan Sinha gela" episode |
UPSC Fact: Shivaji's council of ministers was called Ashtapradhan (8 ministers). This system was inspired by the Mauryan administrative system but adapted to contemporary needs.
| Minister | Portfolio | Modern Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Peshwa | Prime Minister | Chief Minister |
| Amatya | Finance Minister | Finance Minister |
| Mantri | Chronicler | Home Minister |
| Sumant | Foreign Minister | External Affairs Minister |
| Sachiv | Superintendent | Secretary |
| Panditrao | Ecclesiastical Head | Religious Affairs |
| Senapati | Commander-in-chief | Defense Minister |
| Nyayadhish | Chief Justice | Chief Justice |
After Shivaji's death in 1680, the Peshwas (prime ministers) became the de facto rulers of the Maratha Empire.