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Fundamentals of Physical Geography
CBSE Class XI 2026–27
1. Geography as a Discipline
Study Geography as an integrating discipline, its spatial and temporal synthesis, systematic and regional approaches, branches and importance.
2. The Origin and Evolution of the Earth
Compare early and modern theories for the universe and Earth. Trace formation of stars and planets, Earth systems and the origin of life.
3. Interior of the Earth
Use direct and indirect evidence to explain Earth structure, seismic waves and shadow zones, earthquakes and volcanoes.
4. Distribution of Oceans and Continents
Trace continental drift, seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Explain plate boundaries and movement of the Indian Plate.
5. Geomorphic Processes
Distinguish endogenic and exogenic processes, volcanism, weathering, landslides and soil formation.
6. Landforms and their Evolution
Explain erosional and depositional landforms formed by running water and wind. Relate process to landform.
7. Composition and Structure of Atmosphere
Describe atmospheric composition and layers and connect them with weather and climate.
8. Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
Explain insolation, atmospheric heating and cooling, terrestrial radiation, heat budget and temperature controls.
9. Atmospheric Circulations and Weather Systems
Relate pressure and global circulation to winds and weather systems; interpret relevant diagrams.
10. Water in the Atmosphere
Study humidity, condensation and precipitation and explain processes that produce rainfall.
11. World Climate and Climate Change
Compare world climate patterns and climate change. The syllabus specifies project and presentation assessment for this theme.
12. Water (Oceans)
Explore ocean-floor relief, ocean water properties and the role of oceans in the hydrological system.
13. Movements of Ocean Water
Explain waves, tides and currents and the forces and conditions shaping their movement.
14. Biodiversity and Conservation
Understand biodiversity, threats and conservation responses. The syllabus specifies project and presentation assessment.
India: Physical Environment
CBSE Class XI 2026–27
1. India: Location
Use coordinates, extent and neighbouring regions to explain India geographic setting.
2. Structure and Physiography
Relate geological structure to India major physiographic divisions and their characteristics.
3. Drainage System
Compare Himalayan and Peninsular drainage patterns, basins, river regimes and controls.
4. Climate
Explain monsoon mechanisms, seasonal patterns and regional variation in India climate.
5. Natural Vegetation
Relate vegetation types to climate, relief and soils; consider conservation concerns.
6. Natural Hazards and Disasters
Study causes, consequences and management. The syllabus specifies project and presentation assessment for this theme.
Practical Work in Geography Part I
Maps, measurement and remote sensing
1. Introduction to Maps
Read maps using purpose, orientation, symbols, legends and scale.
2. Map Scale
Convert verbal, representative-fraction and linear scales and estimate ground distances.
3. Latitude, Longitude and Time
Use coordinates to locate places and explain local and standard time.
4. Map Projections
Compare projection properties and distortion for different mapping purposes.
5. Topographical Maps
Interpret conventional signs, contours, slopes, valleys, drainage and settlement patterns.
6. Introduction to Remote Sensing
Trace acquisition through platforms and sensors to imagery and data products.