Master Environment & Ecology for UPSC
This section covers all aspects of Environment & Ecology from basic concepts to advanced topics like climate change, biodiversity, and environmental governance. Organized systematically with clear explanations, diagrams, and current data to help you master this crucial UPSC subject.
Ecology Fundamentals
Meaning, types, and levels of ecological organization
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Ecosystem Structure
Components, functions and processes in ecosystems
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Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids
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Types of Ecosystems
Terrestrial, aquatic, marine ecosystems and their features
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Ecological Succession
Primary and secondary succession, climax communities
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Biomes of the World
Major terrestrial biomes and their characteristics
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Ecotone & Keystone Species
Edge effect, keystone species and their ecological role
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Biodiversity Basics
Levels, importance and threats to biodiversity
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Biodiversity Hotspots
India's 4 hotspots and global biodiversity hotspots
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Mega Biodiversity Countries
17 mega-diverse nations and their unique features
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Species Classification
Endangered, endemic, exotic, keystone species
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Conservation Methods
In-situ and ex-situ conservation approaches
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Protected Areas
National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves
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Important Species
Tiger, elephant, snow leopard, dolphin conservation
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IUCN & CITES
Red List categories, CITES appendices, TRAFFIC
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Air Pollution
Causes, effects, pollutants, AQI measurement
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Water Pollution
Sources, effects, treatment methods
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Soil & Noise Pollution
Causes, impacts and control measures
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Waste Management
Solid, hazardous, e-waste and plastic waste handling
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Pollution Control
Acts: Water, Air, Environment Protection Act
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National Green Tribunal
Structure, functions and important judgments
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Greenhouse Effect
Mechanism, GHGs, global warming impacts
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Ozone Layer Depletion
Causes, effects, Montreal Protocol
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Climate Change
Causes, effects, IPCC reports, global initiatives
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Carbon Concepts
Carbon footprint, credit, trading mechanisms
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India's Climate Commitments
NDCs, INDCs, net-zero targets
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COP Summits & Paris Agreement
Key outcomes, Paris Agreement provisions
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Climate Resilient Agriculture
Adaptation strategies for farming
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MoEFCC
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
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National Biodiversity Authority
Functions, Biodiversity Act provisions
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Forest Survey of India
State of Forest Report, monitoring mechanisms
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Central Pollution Control Board
Functions, pollution monitoring initiatives
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Environmental Impact Assessment
Process, stages, recent changes in EIA
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Environmental Laws
Forest Act, Wildlife Act, EPA provisions
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National Action Plan on Climate Change
8 missions under NAPCC and progress
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State Action Plans on Climate Change
Implementation at state level
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Convention on Biological Diversity
Objectives, Aichi Targets, Nagoya Protocol
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Ramsar Convention
Wetland conservation, Ramsar sites in India
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UNFCCC
Framework Convention on Climate Change
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Convention on Migratory Species
Conservation of migratory wildlife
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Stockholm Convention
On Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
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Basel, Rotterdam, Minamata
Hazardous waste, chemicals and mercury conventions
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Land Degradation
Desertification, UNCCD, land restoration
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Deforestation
Causes, impacts, afforestation programs
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Urbanization Impact
Environmental challenges of urban growth
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Environmental Movements
Chipko, Narmada Bachao, Appiko movements
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Sustainable Development Goals
17 SDGs, India's progress, indicators
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Green Initiatives
Green buildings, eco-labels, ESZ
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ESG & Green Finance
Environmental, Social, Governance criteria
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Electric Mobility Mission
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
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FAME Scheme
Faster Adoption of Electric Vehicles
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Ujjwala Yojana
LPG connections for clean cooking fuel
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Jal Shakti Abhiyan
Water conservation and management
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Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Clean India mission achievements
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State of Forest Report
Latest findings on India's forest cover
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State of Environment Report
Comprehensive environmental status
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"We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children." - Native American Proverb
Additional Resources
Enhance your preparation with our exclusive resources: Latest environmental reports, international convention summaries, government scheme details, practice questions, and comparative tables for quick revision. All materials are updated with recent developments and policy changes.
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